FILMTEC Elements Technical Manual

	Download the Entire Technical Manual (4.5MB PDF)
Basics of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
	1.1 Historical Background of FilmTec Corporation (27KB PDF)
	1.2 Major Desalination and Filtration Processes (124KB PDF)
	1.3 Principle of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration (117KB PDF)
	1.4 FILMTEC Membrane Chemistry Description (56KB PDF)
	1.5 FILMTEC Membrane Performance (44KB PDF)
	1.6 FILMTEC Membrane Safe for Use in Food Processing (27KB PDF)
	1.7 Element Construction (116KB PDF)
	1.8 Element Characteristics (79KB PDF)
Water Chemistry and Pretreatment
	2.1 Introduction (39KB PDF)
	2.2 Feedwater Type and Analysis (133KB PDF)
Scale Control
	2.3.1 Scale Control Introduction (57KB PDF)
	2.3.2 - 2.3.3 Scale Control by Acid Addition and Scale Inhibitor Addition (62KB PDF)
	2.3.4 - 2.3.5 Softening with a Strong Acid Cation Exchange Resin and Dealkalization with a Weak Acid Cation Exchange Resin (39KB PDF)
	2.3.6 Lime Softening (35KB PDF)
	2.3.7 - 2.3.8 Preventive Cleaning and Adjustment of Operating Variables (28KB PDF)
	2.4.1 Scaling Calculations (56KB PDF)
Scale Prevention
	2.4.2 Calcium Carbonate Scale Prevention (199KB PDF)
	2.4.3 Calcium Sulfate Scale Prevention (157KB PDF)
	2.4.4 Barium Sulfate Scale Prevention (59KB PDF)
	2.4.5 Strontium Sulfate Scale Prevention (94KB PDF)
	2.4.6 Calcium Fluoride Scale Prevention (88KB PDF)
	2.4.7 Silica Scale Prevention (88KB PDF)
	2.4.8 Calcium Phosphate Scale Prevention (56KB PDF)
Fouling Prevention
	2.5.1 Assessment of the Colloidal Fouling Potential (62KB PDF)
	2.5.2 Media Filtration (27KB PDF)
	2.5.3 Oxidation - Filtration (27KB PDF)
	2.5.4 - 2.5.5 In-line Filtration and Coagulation-Flocculation (28KB PDF)
	2.5.6 Microfiltration / Ultrafiltration (23KB PDF)
	2.5.7 Cartridge Microfiltration (26KB PDF)
	2.5.8 Other Methods - Design and Operational Considerations (24KB PDF)
	2.5.9 Design and Operational Considerations (24KB PDF)
	2.6.1 Biological Fouling Prevention - Introduction (29KB PDF)
Assessment of Biological Fouling Potential
	2.6.2 Assessment of the Biological Fouling Potential (33KB PDF)
	2.6.3 Chlorination - Dechlorination (53KB PDF)
	2.6.4 Sodium Bisulfite (24KB PDF)
	2.6.5 DBNPA (39KB PDF)
	2.6.6 Combined Chlorine (23KB PDF)
	2.6.7 - 2.6.11 Other Sanitization Agents, Biofiltration, MF-UF, UV Irradiation, Use of FR Membranes< (40KB PDF)
Fouling Prevention
	2.7 Prevention of Fouling by Organics (25KB PDF)
	2.8 Prevention of Membrane Degradation (23KB PDF)
	2.9 Prevention of Iron and Manganese Fouling (39KB PDF)
	2.10 Prevention of Aluminum Fouling (35KB PDF)
	2.11 Treatment of Feedwater Containing Hydrogen Sulfide (37KB PDF)
	2.12 Guidelines for Feedwater Quality (43KB PDF)
	2.13 Summary of Pretreatment Options (100KB PDF)
	2.13a Summary of Pretreatment Options: References (33KB PDF)
System Design
System Design Options
	3.1 Introduction (54KB PDF)
	3.2 Batch vs. Continuous Process (51KB PDF)
	3.3 Single Module System (56KB PDF)
	3.4 Single Stage System (34KB PDF)
	3.5 Multi Stage System (36KB PDF)
	3.6 Plug Flow vs Concentrate Recirculation (171KB PDF)
	3.7 Permeate Staged System (58KB PDF)
	3.8 Special Design Possibilities (34KB PDF)
	3.9 Membrane System Design Guidelines (126KB PDF)
	3.10 The Steps to Design a Membrane System (80KB PDF)
System Performance Projection
	3.11.1 System Operating Characteristics (89KB PDF)
	3.11.2 Design Equations and Parameters (144KB PDF)
	3.11.3 Comparing Actual Performance of FILMTEC Elements to ROSA Projection (25KB PDF)
System Components
	3.12 Testing - Screening Test, Application Test, Pilot Tests (38KB PDF)
	3.13.1 High Pressure Pump (34KB PDF)
	3.13.2 Pressure Vessels (38KB PDF)
	3.13.3 Shutdown Switches (27KB PDF)
	3.13.4 Valves (32KB PDF)
	3.13.5 Control Instruments (33KB PDF)
	3.13.6 Tanks (41KB PDF)
System Design Materials and Suggestions
	3.14 Corrosion Control (78KB PDF)
	3.15 System Design Considerations to Control Microbiological Activity (36KB PDF)
	3.16 System Design Suggestions for Troubleshooting Success (31KB PDF)
Loading of Pressure Vessels
	4.1 - 4.2 Preparation and Element Loading (41KB PDF)
	4.3 Shimming Elements (37KB PDF)
	4.4 Element Removal (25KB PDF)
	4.5 Interconnector Technology for 8-inch Diameter FILMTEC Membranes (104KB PDF)
	4.6 Installing an Element Spacer (33KB PDF)
System Operation
	5.1 Introduction (23KB PDF)
Initial Start Up
	5.2.1 Initial Start Up - Equipment (38KB PDF)
	5.2.2 Initial Start Up - Prestart Up Check and Commissioning Audit (72KB PDF)
	5.2.3 Start Up Sequence (85KB PDF)
	5.2.4 - 5.2.6 Membrane Start Up Performance and Stabilization (24KB PDF)
	5.3 Operation Start Up (23KB PDF)
	5.4 RO and NF Systems Shutdown (37KB PDF)
	5.5 Adjustment of Operation Parameters (30KB PDF)
Record Keeping
	5.6 Record Keeping (78KB PDF)
	5.6.6 Plant Performance Normalization (117KB PDF)
Cleaning and Sanitization
	6.1 Introduction (38KB PDF)
	6.2 Safety Precautions (36KB PDF)
	6.3 Cleaning Requirements (64KB PDF)
	6.4 Cleaning Equipment (76KB PDF)
	6.5 Cleaning Steps (53KB PDF)
	6.6 Cleaning Tips (29KB PDF)
	6.7 Effect of pH on Foulant Removal (34KB PDF)
	6.8 Cleaning Chemicals (58KB PDF)
Cleaning Procedure for Specific Situations
	6.9.1 General Cleaning Procedure Considerations for Specific Situations (23KB PDF)
	6.9.1 General Cleaning Procedure Considerations for Specific Situations (23KB PDF)
	6.9.2 Sulfate Scale Cleaning Procedure (35KB PDF)
	6.9.3 Carbonate Scale Cleaning Procedure (38KB PDF)
	6.9.4 Iron Fouling Cleaning Procedure (39KB PDF)
	6.9.5 Organic Fouling Cleaning Procedure (39KB PDF)
	6.9.6 Biofouling Cleaning Procedure (40KB PDF)
	6.9.7 Emergency Cleaning Procedure (54KB PDF)
Sanitizing RO / NF Membrane Systems
	6.10.1 Sanitizing RO and NF Membrane Systems - Introduction (26KB PDF)
	6.10.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid (28KB PDF)
	6.10.3 Chlorinated and Other Biocidal Products (24KB PDF)
	6.10.4 Heat Sanitization (37KB PDF)
Handling, Preservation, and Storage
	7.1 - 7.2 Storage and Shipping of New FILMTEC Elements (37KB PDF)
	7.3.1 Preservation and Storage of Used FILMTEC Elements (33KB PDF)
	7.3.2 Re-wetting of Dried Out Elements (32KB PDF)
	7.3.3 Shipping Used FILMTEC Elements (32KB PDF)
	7.3.4 Disposal of Used FILMTEC Elements (31KB PDF)
	7.4 Preservation of RO and NF Systems in Case of Shut Down (25KB PDF)
Troubleshooting
	8.1 Introduction (27KB PDF)
	8.2 Evaluation of System Performance and Operation (46KB PDF)
	8.3 System Tests - Visual Inspection, Most Effective Cleaning, Profiling and Probing (76KB PDF)
Membrane Element Evaluation
	8.4.1 Membrane Element Evaluation - Sample Selection (23KB PDF)
	8.4.2 DIRECTORSM Services (24KB PDF)
	8.4.3 Membrane Element Evaluation - Visual Inspection and Weighing (23KB PDF)
	8.4.4 Membrane Element Evaluation - Vacuum Decay Test (32KB PDF)
	8.4.5 Membrane Element Evaluation - Performance Test (37KB PDF)
	8.4.6 Membrane Element Evaluation - Cleaning Evaluation (24KB PDF)
	8.4.7 Membrane Element Evaluation - Autopsy (24KB PDF)
	8.4.8 Membrane Element Evaluation - Membrane Analysis (27KB PDF)
Symptoms of Trouble, Causes, and Corrective Measures
	8.5 Symptoms of Trouble, Causes and Corrective Measures - Low Flow (339KB PDF)
	8.5.2 Symptoms of Trouble, Causes and Corrective Measures - High Salt Passage (117KB PDF)
	8.5.3 Symptoms of Trouble, Causes and Corrective Measures - High Pressure Drop (162KB PDF)
	8.5.4 Symptoms of Trouble, Causes and Corrective Measures - Troubleshooting Grid (47KB PDF)
Addendum
	9.1 Terminology (210KB PDF)
	9.2 Sodium Chloride Conductivity Table (154KB PDF)
	9.3 Conductivity of Ions (44KB PDF)
	9.4 Conductivity of Solutions (95KB PDF)
	9.5 Conversion of Concentration Units of Ionic Species Table (60KB PDF)
	9.6 Temperature Correction Factor Table (103KB PDF)
	9.7 Conversion of US Units into Metric Units (25KB PDF)
	9.8 Ionization of Carbon Dioxide Solutions Chart (47KB PDF)
	9.9 Osmotic Pressure of Sodium Chloride (39KB PDF)
	9.10 Osmotic Pressure of Solutions (42KB PDF)
	9.11 Testing Chemical Compatibilities with FILMTEC Membranes (82KB PDF)
	9.12 Key Word Index (134KB PDF)